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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Automation_engineering" title="Automation engineering">Automation engineering</a>.</div>

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<p><b>Control engineering</b>, also known as <b>control systems engineering</b> and, in some European countries, <b>automation engineering</b>, is an <a href="Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a> discipline that deals with <a href="Control_system" title="Control system">control systems</a>, applying <a href="Control_theory" title="Control theory">control theory</a> to design equipment and systems with desired behaviors in control environments.<sup id="cite_ref-Case_Western_Reserve_University_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Case_Western_Reserve_University-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The discipline of controls overlaps and is usually taught along with <a href="Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">electrical engineering</a>, <a href="Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">chemical engineering</a> and <a href="Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">mechanical engineering</a> at many institutions around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Case_Western_Reserve_University_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Case_Western_Reserve_University-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The practice uses <a href="Sensors" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensors">sensors</a> and detectors to measure the output performance of the process being controlled; these measurements are used to provide corrective <a href="Feedback" title="Feedback">feedback</a> helping to achieve the desired performance. Systems designed to perform without requiring human input are called <a href="Automatic_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Automatic control">automatic control</a> systems (such as <a href="Cruise_control" title="Cruise control">cruise control</a> for regulating the speed of a car). <a href="Multi-disciplinary" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-disciplinary">Multi-disciplinary</a> in nature, control systems engineering activities focus on implementation of control systems mainly derived by <a href="Mathematical_model" title="Mathematical model">mathematical modeling</a> of a diverse range of <a href="System" title="System">systems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div>

<p>Modern day control engineering is a relatively new field of study that gained significant attention during the 20th century with the advancement of technology. It can be broadly defined or classified as practical application of <a href="Control_theory" title="Control theory">control theory</a>. Control engineering plays an essential role in a wide range of control systems, from simple household washing machines to high-performance <a href="Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighter aircraft</a>. It seeks to understand physical systems, using mathematical modelling, in terms of inputs, outputs and various components with different behaviors; to use control system design tools to develop <a href="Controller_(control_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Controller (control theory)">controllers</a> for those systems; and to implement controllers in physical systems employing available technology. A <a href="Control_system" title="Control system">system</a> can be <a href="Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">mechanical</a>, <a href="Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">electrical</a>, <a href="Fluid" title="Fluid">fluid</a>, <a href="Chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical">chemical</a>, <a href="Financial_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial control">financial</a> or <a href="Biology" title="Biology">biological</a>, and its mathematical modelling, analysis and controller design uses <a href="Control_theory" title="Control theory">control theory</a> in one or many of the <a href="Time_domain" title="Time domain">time</a>, <a href="Frequency_domain" title="Frequency domain">frequency</a> and <a href="S_domain" class="mw-redirect" title="S domain">complex-s</a> domains, depending on the nature of the design problem.

</p><p>Control engineering is the engineering <a href="Discipline" title="Discipline">discipline</a> that focuses on the <a href="Mathematical_model" title="Mathematical model">modeling</a> of a diverse range of <a href="Dynamic_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic systems">dynamic systems</a> (e.g. <a href="Mechanics" title="Mechanics">mechanical</a> <a href="System" title="System">systems</a>) and the design of <a href="Controller_(control_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Controller (control theory)">controllers</a> that will cause these systems to behave in the desired manner.<sup id="cite_ref-Keviczky_2019_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keviczky_2019-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6">: 6 </span></sup> Although such controllers need not be electrical, many are and hence control engineering is often viewed as a subfield of electrical engineering.

</p><p><a href="Electrical_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical circuit">Electrical circuits</a>, <a href="Digital_signal_processor" title="Digital signal processor">digital signal processors</a> and <a href="Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">microcontrollers</a> can all be used to implement <a href="Control_system" title="Control system">control systems</a>. Control engineering has a wide range of applications from the flight and propulsion systems of <a href="Airliner" title="Airliner">commercial airliners</a> to the <a href="Cruise_control" title="Cruise control">cruise control</a> present in many modern <a href="Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobiles</a>.

</p><p>In most cases, control engineers utilize <a href="Feedback" title="Feedback">feedback</a> when designing <a href="Control_system" title="Control system">control systems</a>. This is often accomplished using a <a href="Proportional%E2%80%93integral%E2%80%93derivative_controller" title="Proportional–integral–derivative controller">proportional–integral–derivative controller</a> <b>(</b>PID controller) system. For example, in an <a href="Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobile</a> with <a href="Cruise_control" title="Cruise control">cruise control</a> the vehicle's <a href="Speed" title="Speed">speed</a> is continuously monitored and fed back to the system, which adjusts the <a href="Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">motor's</a> <a href="Torque" title="Torque">torque</a> accordingly. Where there is regular feedback, <a href="Control_theory" title="Control theory">control theory</a> can be used to determine how the system responds to such feedback. In practically all such systems <a href="Stability_theory" title="Stability theory">stability</a> is important and control theory can help ensure stability is achieved.

</p><p>Although feedback is an important aspect of control engineering, control engineers may also work on the control of systems without feedback. This is known as <a href="Open_loop_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Open loop control">open loop control</a>. A classic example of <a href="Open_loop_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Open loop control">open loop control</a> is a <a href="Washing_machine" title="Washing machine">washing machine</a> that runs through a pre-determined cycle without the use of <a href="Sensor" title="Sensor">sensors</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Control_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Control systems">Control systems § History</a></div>

<p>Automatic control systems were first developed over two thousand years ago. The first feedback control device on record is thought to be the ancient <a href="Ktesibios" class="mw-redirect" title="Ktesibios">Ktesibios</a>'s <a href="Water_clock" title="Water clock">water clock</a> in <a href="Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, Egypt, around the third century BCE. It kept time by regulating the water level in a vessel and, therefore, the water flow from that vessel.

This certainly was a successful device as water clocks of similar design were still being made in Baghdad when the Mongols <a href="Siege_of_Baghdad_(1258)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Baghdad (1258)">captured</a> the city in 1258 CE. A variety of automatic devices have been used over the centuries to accomplish useful tasks or simply just to entertain. The latter includes the automata, popular in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries, featuring dancing figures that would repeat the same task over and over again; these automata are examples of open-loop control. Milestones among feedback, or "closed-loop" automatic control devices, include the temperature regulator of a furnace attributed to <a href="Cornelis_Drebbel" title="Cornelis Drebbel">Drebbel</a>, circa 1620, and the centrifugal flyball governor used for regulating the speed of steam engines by James Watt<sup id="cite_ref-Keviczky_2019_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keviczky_2019-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 22">: 22 </span></sup> in 1788.

</p><p>In his 1868 paper "On Governors", <a href="James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a> was able to explain instabilities exhibited by the flyball governor using differential equations to describe the control system. This demonstrated the importance and usefulness of mathematical models and methods in understanding complex phenomena, and it signaled the beginning of mathematical control and systems theory. Elements of control theory had appeared earlier but not as dramatically and convincingly as in Maxwell's analysis.

</p><p>Control theory made significant strides over the next century. New mathematical techniques, as well as advances in electronic and computer technologies, made it possible to control significantly more complex dynamical systems than the original flyball governor could stabilize. New mathematical techniques included developments in optimal control in the 1950s and 1960s followed by progress in stochastic, robust, adaptive, nonlinear control methods in the 1970s and 1980s. Applications of control methodology have helped to make possible space travel and communication satellites, safer and more efficient aircraft, cleaner automobile engines, and cleaner and more efficient chemical processes.

</p><p>Before it emerged as a unique discipline, control engineering was practiced as a part of <a href="Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">mechanical engineering</a> and <a href="Control_theory" title="Control theory">control theory</a> was studied as a part of <a href="Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">electrical engineering</a> since <a href="Electrical_circuits" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical circuits">electrical circuits</a> can often be easily described using control theory techniques. In the first control relationships, a current output was represented by a voltage control input. However, not having adequate technology to implement electrical control systems, designers were left with the option of less efficient and slow responding mechanical systems. A very effective mechanical controller that is still widely used in some hydro plants is the <a href="Centrifugal_governor" title="Centrifugal governor">governor</a>. Later on, previous to modern <a href="Power_electronics" title="Power electronics">power electronics</a>, process control systems for industrial applications were devised by mechanical engineers using <a href="Pneumatics" title="Pneumatics">pneumatic</a> and <a href="Hydraulic_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic system">hydraulic</a> control devices, many of which are still in use today.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mathematical_modelling">Mathematical modelling</h3></div>

<p><a href="David_Quinn_Mayne" class="mw-redirect" title="David Quinn Mayne">David Quinn Mayne</a>, (1930–2024) was among the early developers of a rigorous mathematical method for analysing <a href="Model_predictive_control" title="Model predictive control">Model predictive control</a> algorithms (MPC). It is currently used in tens of thousands of applications and is a core part of the advanced control technology by hundreds of process control producers. MPC's major strength is its capacity to deal with nonlinearities and hard constraints in a simple and intuitive fashion. His work underpins a class of algorithms that are probably correct, heuristically explainable, and yield control system designs which meet practically important objectives.<sup id="cite_ref-P&A_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P&A-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Control_systems">Control systems</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="Control_system" title="Control system">Control system</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like "><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Control_system&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt">

<p>A <a href="Control_system" title="Control system">control system</a> manages, commands, directs, or regulates the behavior of other devices or systems using <a href="Control_loop" title="Control loop">control loops</a>. It can range from a single home heating controller using a <a href="Thermostat" title="Thermostat">thermostat</a> controlling a domestic boiler to large <a href="Industrial_control_system" title="Industrial control system">industrial control systems</a> which are used for controlling <a href="Process_(engineering)" title="Process (engineering)">processes</a> or machines. The control systems are designed via control engineering process.

</p><p>For continuously modulated control, a <a href="Feedback_controller" class="mw-redirect" title="Feedback controller">feedback controller</a> is used to automatically control a process or operation. The control system compares the value or status of the <a href="Process_variable" title="Process variable">process variable</a> (PV) being controlled with the desired value or <a href="Setpoint_(control_system)" title="Setpoint (control system)">setpoint</a> (SP), and applies the difference as a control signal to bring the process variable output of the <a href="Plant_(control_theory)" title="Plant (control theory)">plant</a> to the same value as the setpoint.

</p>

For <a href="Sequential_logic" title="Sequential logic">sequential</a> and <a href="Combinational_logic" title="Combinational logic">combinational logic</a>, <a href="Software_logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Software logic">software logic</a>, such as in a <a href="Programmable_logic_controller" title="Programmable logic controller">programmable logic controller</a>, is used.</div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Control_theory">Control theory</h2></div>

<div class="excerpt-block"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="Control_theory" title="Control theory">Control theory</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like "><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Control_theory&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt">

<p><a href="Control_theory" title="Control theory">Control theory</a> is a field of control engineering and <a href="Applied_mathematics" title="Applied mathematics">applied mathematics</a> that deals with the <a href="Control_system" title="Control system">control</a> of <a href="Dynamical_system" title="Dynamical system">dynamical systems</a>. The objective is to develop a model or algorithm governing the application of system inputs to drive the system to a desired state, while minimizing any <i>delay</i>, <i>overshoot</i>, or <i>steady-state error</i> and ensuring a level of control <a href="Stability_theory" title="Stability theory">stability</a>; often with the aim to achieve a degree of <a href="Optimal_control" title="Optimal control">optimality</a>.

</p><p>To do this, a controller with the requisite corrective behavior is required. This controller monitors the controlled <a href="Process_variable" title="Process variable">process variable</a> (PV), and compares it with the reference or <a href="Setpoint_(control_system)" title="Setpoint (control system)">set point</a> (SP). The difference between actual and desired value of the process variable, called the <i>error</i> signal, or SP-PV error, is applied as feedback to generate a control action to bring the controlled process variable to the same value as the set point. Other aspects which are also studied are <a href="Controllability" title="Controllability">controllability</a> and <a href="Observability" title="Observability">observability</a>. Control theory is used in <a href="Control_system_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Control system engineering">control system engineering</a> to design automation that have revolutionized manufacturing, aircraft, communications and other industries, and created new fields such as <a href="Robotics" title="Robotics">robotics</a>.

</p><p>Extensive use is usually made of a diagrammatic style known as the <a href="Block_diagram" title="Block diagram">block diagram</a>. In it the <a href="Transfer_function" title="Transfer function">transfer function</a>, also known as the system function or network function, is a mathematical model of the relation between the input and output based on the <a href="Differential_equation" title="Differential equation">differential equations</a> describing the system.

</p><p>Control theory dates from the 19th century, when the theoretical basis for the operation of governors was first described by <a href="James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Control theory was further advanced by <a href="Edward_Routh" title="Edward Routh">Edward Routh</a> in 1874, <a href="Jacques_Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_Sturm" title="Jacques Charles François Sturm">Charles Sturm</a> and in 1895, <a href="Adolf_Hurwitz" title="Adolf Hurwitz">Adolf Hurwitz</a>, who all contributed to the establishment of control stability criteria; and from 1922 onwards, the development of <a href="PID_control" class="mw-redirect" title="PID control">PID control</a> theory by <a href="Nicolas_Minorsky" title="Nicolas Minorsky">Nicolas Minorsky</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

Although the most direct application of <a href="Mathematical" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical">mathematical</a> control theory is its use in <a href="Control_systems_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Control systems engineering">control systems engineering</a> (dealing with <a href="Process_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Process control">process control</a> systems for <a href="Robotics" title="Robotics">robotics</a> and industry), control theory is routinely applied to problems both the natural and <a href="Behavioral_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavioral science">behavioral sciences</a>. As the general theory of feedback systems, control theory is useful wherever feedback occurs, making it important to fields like <a href="Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>, <a href="Operations_research" title="Operations research">operations research</a>, and the <a href="Life_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Life science">life sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div>

<p>At many universities around the world, control engineering courses are taught primarily in <a href="Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">electrical engineering</a> and <a href="Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">mechanical engineering</a>, but some courses can be instructed in <a href="Mechatronics_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechatronics engineering">mechatronics engineering</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering">aerospace engineering</a>. In others, control engineering is connected to <a href="Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>, as most control techniques today are implemented through computers, often as <a href="Embedded_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Embedded systems">embedded systems</a> (as in the automotive field). The field of control within <a href="Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">chemical engineering</a> is often known as <a href="Process_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Process control">process control</a>. It deals primarily with the control of variables in a chemical process in a plant. It is taught as part of the undergraduate curriculum of any chemical engineering program and employs many of the same principles in control engineering. Other engineering disciplines also overlap with control engineering as it can be applied to any system for which a suitable model can be derived. However, specialised control engineering departments do exist, for example, in Italy there are several master in Automation & Robotics that are fully specialised in Control engineering or the Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering at the University of Sheffield <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the Department of Robotics and Control Engineering at the United States Naval Academy<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Department of Control and Automation Engineering at the Istanbul Technical University.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Control engineering has diversified applications that include science, finance management, and even human behavior. Students of control engineering may start with a linear control system course dealing with the time and complex-s domain, which requires a thorough background in elementary mathematics and <a href="Laplace_transform" title="Laplace transform">Laplace transform</a>, called classical control theory. In linear control, the student does frequency and time domain analysis. <a href="Digital_control" title="Digital control">Digital control</a> and <a href="Nonlinear_control" title="Nonlinear control">nonlinear control</a> courses require <a href="Z_transform" class="mw-redirect" title="Z transform">Z transformation</a> and algebra respectively, and could be said to complete a basic control education.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Careers">Careers</h2></div>

<p>A control engineer's career starts with a bachelor's degree and can continue through the college process. Control engineer degrees are typically paired with an electrical or mechanical engineering degree, but can also be paired with a degree in chemical engineering. According to a <i>Control Engineering</i> survey, most of the people who answered were control engineers in various forms of their own career.<sup id="cite_ref-Control_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Control-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>There are not very many careers that are classified as "control engineer", most of them are specific careers that have a small semblance to the overarching career of control engineering. A majority of the control engineers that took the survey in 2019 are system or product designers, or even control or instrument engineers. Most of the jobs involve process engineering or production or even maintenance, they are some variation of control engineering.<sup id="cite_ref-Control_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Control-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Because of this, there are many job opportunities in aerospace companies, manufacturing companies, automobile companies, power companies, chemical companies, petroleum companies, and government agencies. Some places that hire Control Engineers include companies such as Rockwell Automation, NASA, Ford, Phillips 66, <a href="Eastman_Chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastman Chemical">Eastman</a>, and Goodrich.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Control Engineers can possibly earn $66k annually from Lockheed Martin Corp. They can also earn up to $96k annually from General Motors Corporation.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Process Control Engineers, typically found in <a href="Oil_Refinery" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil Refinery">Refineries</a> and Specialty Chemical plants, can earn upwards of $90k annually.

</p><p>In India, control System Engineering is provided at different levels with a diploma, graduation and postgraduation. These programs require the candidate to have chosen physics, chemistry and mathematics for their secondary schooling or relevant bachelor's degree for postgraduate studies.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recent_advancement">Recent advancement</h2></div>

<p>Originally, control engineering was all about continuous systems. Development of computer control tools posed a requirement of discrete control system engineering because the communications between the computer-based digital controller and the physical system are governed by a <a href="Computer_clock" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer clock">computer clock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Keviczky_2019_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keviczky_2019-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 23">: 23 </span></sup> The equivalent to <a href="Laplace_transform" title="Laplace transform">Laplace transform</a> in the discrete domain is the <a href="Z-transform" title="Z-transform">Z-transform</a>. Today, many of the control systems are computer controlled and they consist of both digital and analog components.

</p><p>Therefore, at the design stage either:

</p>

<ul><li>Digital components are mapped into the continuous domain and the design is carried out in the continuous domain, or</li>

<li>Analog components are mapped into discrete domain and design is carried out there.</li></ul>

<p>The first of these two methods is more commonly encountered in practice because many industrial systems have many continuous systems components, including mechanical, fluid, biological and analog electrical components, with a few digital controllers.

</p><p>Similarly, the design technique has progressed from paper-and-ruler based manual design to <a href="Computer-aided_design" title="Computer-aided design">computer-aided design</a> and now to <a href="Computer-automated_design" title="Computer-automated design">computer-automated design</a> or CAD which has been made possible by <a href="Evolutionary_computation" title="Evolutionary computation">evolutionary computation</a>. CAD can be applied not just to tuning a predefined control scheme, but also to controller structure optimisation, system identification and invention of novel control systems, based purely upon a performance requirement, independent of any specific control scheme.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Resilient_control_systems" title="Resilient control systems">Resilient control systems</a> extend the traditional focus of addressing only planned disturbances to frameworks and attempt to address multiple types of unexpected disturbance; in particular, adapting and transforming behaviors of the control system in response to malicious actors, abnormal failure modes, undesirable human action, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

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<ul><li><a href="Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Automation" title="Automation">Automation</a></li>

<li><a href="Automation_engineering" title="Automation engineering">Automation engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">Electrical engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Communications_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications engineering">Communications engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">Satellite navigation</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_control_engineering" title="Outline of control engineering">Outline of control engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Advanced_process_control" title="Advanced process control">Advanced process control</a></li>

<li><a href="Building_automation" title="Building automation">Building automation</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer-automated_design" title="Computer-automated design">Computer-automated design</a> (CAutoD, CAutoCSD)</li>

<li><a href="Control_reconfiguration" title="Control reconfiguration">Control reconfiguration</a></li>

<li><a href="Feedback" title="Feedback">Feedback</a></li>

<li><a href="H-infinity" class="mw-redirect" title="H-infinity">H-infinity</a></li>

<li><a href="Lead%E2%80%93lag_compensator" title="Lead–lag compensator">Lead–lag compensator</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_electrical_engineering_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of electrical engineering topics">List of control engineering topics</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantitative_feedback_theory" title="Quantitative feedback theory">Quantitative feedback theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Unicycle_cart" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicycle cart">Robotic unicycle</a></li>

<li><a href="State_space_(controls)" class="mw-redirect" title="State space (controls)">State space</a></li>

<li><a href="Sliding_mode_control" title="Sliding mode control">Sliding mode control</a></li>

<li><a href="Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Systems engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="TPT_(Software)" class="mw-redirect" title="TPT (Software)">Testing controller</a></li>

<li><a href="VisSim" title="VisSim">VisSim</a></li>

<li><a href="Control_Engineering_(magazine)" title="Control Engineering (magazine)">Control Engineering (magazine)</a></li>

<li><a href="Time_series" title="Time series">Time series</a></li>

<li><a href="Process_control_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Process control system">Process control system</a></li>

<li><a href="Robotic_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic control">Robotic control</a></li>

<li><a href="Mechatronics" title="Mechatronics">Mechatronics</a></li>

<li><a href="SCADA" title="SCADA">SCADA</a></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFD._Q._Mayne1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="David_Quinn_Mayne" class="mw-redirect" title="David Quinn Mayne">D. Q. Mayne</a> (1965). P. H. Hammond (ed.). <i>A Gradient Method for Determining Optimal Control of Nonlinear Stochastic Systems in Proceedings of <a href="International_Federation_of_Automatic_Control" title="International Federation of Automatic Control">IFAC</a> Symposium, Theory of Self-Adaptive Control Systems</i>. Plenum Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">19–</span>27.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBennett1986" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Stuart (June 1986). <i>A history of control engineering, 1800-1930</i>. IET. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-86341-047-5</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBennett1993" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Stuart (1993). <i>A history of control engineering, 1930-1955</i>. IET. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-86341-299-8</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Kilian2005" class="citation book cs1">Christopher Kilian (2005). <i>Modern Control Technology</i>. Thompson Delmar Learning. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4018-5806-3</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFArnold_Zankl2006" class="citation book cs1">Arnold Zankl (2006). <i>Milestones in Automation: From the Transistor to the Digital Factory</i>. Wiley-VCH. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-89578-259-6</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFFranklinPowellEmami-Naeini2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Gene_F._Franklin" title="Gene F. Franklin">Franklin, Gene F.</a>; Powell, J. David; Emami-Naeini, Abbas (2014). <i>Feedback control of dynamic systems</i> (7th ed.). Stanford Cali. U.S.: Pearson. p. 880. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780133496598</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Control_Systems" class="extiw external" title="wikibooks:Control Systems">Control Systems</a></b></i></div></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Control_engineering" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Control engineering">Control engineering</a></span>.</div></div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121211031854/http://www-control.eng.cam.ac.uk/extras/Virtual_Library/Control_VL.html">Control Labs Worldwide</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080827235300/http://controls.engin.umich.edu/wiki">The Michigan Chemical Engineering Process Dynamics and Controls Open Textbook</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.controlsys.org">Control System Integrators Association</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csiaexchange.com">List of control systems integrators</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imeche.org/get-involved/special-interest-groups/mechatronics-informatics-and-control-group">Institution of Mechanical Engineers - Mechatronics, Informatics and Control Group (MICG)</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/tssc">Systems Science & Control Engineering: An Open Access Journal</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Engineering683" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Engineering" title="Engineering">Engineering</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_engineering" title="History of engineering">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_engineering" title="Outline of engineering">Outline</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_engineering_branches" title="List of engineering branches">List of engineering branches</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialties<br>and<br><a href="Interdisciplinarity" title="Interdisciplinarity">interdisciplinarity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural</a></li>

<li><a href="Coastal_engineering" title="Coastal engineering">Coastal</a></li>

<li><a href="Construction_engineering" title="Construction engineering">Construction</a></li>

<li><a href="Earthquake_engineering" title="Earthquake engineering">Earthquake</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecological_engineering" title="Ecological engineering">Ecological</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sanitary_engineering" title="Sanitary engineering">Sanitary</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Geological_engineering" title="Geological engineering">Geological</a></li>

<li><a href="Geotechnical_engineering" title="Geotechnical engineering">Geotechnical</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydraulic_engineering" title="Hydraulic engineering">Hydraulic</a></li>

<li><a href="Mining_engineering" title="Mining engineering">Mining</a></li>

<li><a href="Municipal_or_urban_engineering" title="Municipal or urban engineering">Municipal/urban</a></li>

<li><a href="Offshore_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Offshore engineering">Offshore</a></li>

<li><a href="River_engineering" title="River engineering">River</a></li>

<li><a href="Structural_engineering" title="Structural engineering">Structural</a></li>

<li><a href="Transportation_engineering" title="Transportation engineering">Transportation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Traffic_engineering_(transportation)" title="Traffic engineering (transportation)">Traffic</a></li>

<li><a href="Railway_engineering" title="Railway engineering">Railway</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">Mechanical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Acoustical_engineering" title="Acoustical engineering">Acoustic</a></li>

<li><a href="Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering">Aerospace</a></li>

<li><a href="Automotive_engineering" title="Automotive engineering">Automotive</a></li>

<li><a href="Biomechanical_engineering" title="Biomechanical engineering">Biomechanical</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy_engineering" title="Energy engineering">Energy</a></li>

<li><a href="Manufacturing_engineering" title="Manufacturing engineering">Manufacturing</a></li>

<li><a href="Marine_engineering" title="Marine engineering">Marine</a></li>

<li><a href="Naval_architecture" title="Naval architecture">Naval architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Railway_engineering" title="Railway engineering">Railway</a></li>

<li><a href="Sports_engineering" title="Sports engineering">Sports</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermal_engineering" title="Thermal engineering">Thermal</a></li>

<li><a href="Tribology" title="Tribology">Tribology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">Electrical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Broadcast_engineering" title="Broadcast engineering">Broadcast</a>

<ul><li><a href="Outline_of_computer_engineering" title="Outline of computer engineering">outline</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Electromechanics" title="Electromechanics">Electromechanics</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronic_engineering" title="Electronic engineering">Electronics</a></li>

<li><a href="Microwave_engineering" title="Microwave engineering">Microwaves</a></li>

<li><a href="Optical_engineering" title="Optical engineering">Optical</a></li>

<li><a href="Power_engineering" title="Power engineering">Power</a></li>

<li><a href="Radio-frequency_engineering" title="Radio-frequency engineering">Radio-frequency</a></li>

<li><a href="Signal_processing" title="Signal processing">Signal processing</a></li>

<li><a href="Telecommunications_engineering" title="Telecommunications engineering">Telecommunications</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">Chemical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Biochemical_engineering" title="Biochemical engineering">Biochemical/bioprocess</a></li>

<li><a href="Biological_engineering" title="Biological engineering">Biological</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bioresource_engineering" title="Bioresource engineering">Bioresource</a></li>

<li><a href="Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic</a></li>

<li><a href="Tissue_engineering" title="Tissue engineering">Tissue</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Chemical_reaction_engineering" title="Chemical reaction engineering">Chemical reaction</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrochemical_engineering" title="Electrochemical engineering">Electrochemical</a></li>

<li><a href="Molecular_engineering" title="Molecular engineering">Molecular</a></li>

<li><a href="Paper_engineering" title="Paper engineering">Paper</a></li>

<li><a href="Petroleum_engineering" title="Petroleum engineering">Petroleum</a></li>

<li><a href="Process_engineering" title="Process engineering">Process</a></li>

<li><a href="Chemical_reaction_engineering" title="Chemical reaction engineering">Reaction</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Materials_science" title="Materials science">Materials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Biomaterial" title="Biomaterial">Biomaterial</a></li>

<li><a href="Ceramic_engineering" title="Ceramic engineering">Ceramics</a></li>

<li><a href="Corrosion_engineering" title="Corrosion engineering">Corrosion</a></li>

<li><a href="Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li>

<li><a href="Molecular_engineering" title="Molecular engineering">Molecular</a></li>

<li><a href="Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">Nanotechnology</a></li>

<li><a href="Polymer_engineering" title="Polymer engineering">Polymers</a></li>

<li><a href="Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">Semiconductors</a></li>

<li><a href="Surface_engineering" title="Surface engineering">Surfaces</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Systems_engineering_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Systems engineering (disambiguation)">Computer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">Computer</a></li>

<li><a href="Cybersecurity_engineering" title="Cybersecurity engineering">Cybersecurity</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_network_engineering" title="Computer network engineering">Networks</a></li>

<li><a href="Robotics_engineering" title="Robotics engineering">Robotics</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Engineering_education" title="Engineering education">Engineering education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bachelor_of_Engineering" title="Bachelor of Engineering">Bachelor of Engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">Bachelor of Science</a></li>

<li><a href="Master's_degree" title="Master's degree">Master's degree</a></li>

<li><a href="Doctorate" title="Doctorate">Doctorate</a></li>

<li><a href="Graduate_certificate" title="Graduate certificate">Graduate certificate</a></li>

<li><a href="Engineer's_degree" title="Engineer's degree">Engineer's degree</a></li>

<li><a href="Regulation_and_licensure_in_engineering" title="Regulation and licensure in engineering">Licensed engineer</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Engineer" title="Engineer">Engineer</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Glossary" title="Glossary">Glossaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Engineering

<li><a href="Glossary_of_aerospace_engineering" title="Glossary of aerospace engineering">Aerospace engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_civil_engineering" title="Glossary of civil engineering">Civil engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_electrical_and_electronics_engineering" title="Glossary of electrical and electronics engineering">Electrical and electronics engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_mechanical_engineering" title="Glossary of mechanical engineering">Mechanical engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_structural_engineering" title="Glossary of structural engineering">Structural engineering</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agricultural_engineering" title="Agricultural engineering">Agricultural</a></li>

<li><a href="Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Audio</a></li>

<li><a href="Automation_engineering" title="Automation engineering">Automation</a></li>

<li><a href="Biomedical_engineering" title="Biomedical engineering">Biomedical</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></li>

<li><a href="Clinical_engineering" title="Clinical engineering">Clinical</a></li>

<li><a href="Health_technology" title="Health technology">Health technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Pharmaceutical_engineering" title="Pharmaceutical engineering">Pharmaceutical</a></li>

<li><a href="Rehabilitation_engineering" title="Rehabilitation engineering">Rehabilitation</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Building_services_engineering" title="Building services engineering">Building services</a>

<li><a href="Design_engineer" title="Design engineer">Design</a></li>

<li><a href="Explosives_engineering" title="Explosives engineering">Explosives</a></li>

<li><a href="Facilities_engineering" title="Facilities engineering">Facilities</a></li>

<li><a href="Forensic_engineering" title="Forensic engineering">Forensic</a></li>

<li><a href="Climate_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate engineering">Climate</a></li>

<li><a href="Geomatics_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Geomatics engineering">Geomatics</a></li>

<li><a href="Engineering_drawing" title="Engineering drawing">Graphics</a></li>

<li><a href="Industrial_engineering" title="Industrial engineering">Industrial</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_engineering" title="Information engineering">Information</a></li>

<li><a href="Instrumentation_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumentation engineering">Instrumentation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Instrumentation_and_control_engineering" title="Instrumentation and control engineering">Instrumentation and control</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Logistics_engineering" title="Logistics engineering">Logistics</a></li>

<li><a href="Engineering_management" title="Engineering management">Management</a></li>

<li><a href="Engineering_mathematics" title="Engineering mathematics">Mathematics</a></li>

<li><a href="Mechatronics" title="Mechatronics">Mechatronics</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Military</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_engineering" title="Nuclear engineering">Nuclear</a></li>

<li><a href="Ontology_engineering" title="Ontology engineering">Ontology</a></li>

<li><a href="Packaging_engineering" title="Packaging engineering">Packaging</a></li>

<li><a href="Engineering_physics" title="Engineering physics">Physics</a></li>

<li><a href="Privacy_engineering" title="Privacy engineering">Privacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Safety_engineering" title="Safety engineering">Safety</a></li>

<li><a href="Security_engineering" title="Security engineering">Security</a></li>

<li><a href="Survey_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Survey engineering">Survey</a></li>

<li><a href="Sustainable_engineering" title="Sustainable engineering">Sustainability</a></li>

<li><a href="Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Textile_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Textile engineering">Textile</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Engineering" class="extiw external" title="commons:Engineering">Commons</a></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"></span></span> Wikiproject</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Portal%3AEngineering" title="Portal:Engineering">Portal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Systems_engineering118" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Systems_engineering118" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Systems engineering</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subfields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering">Aerospace engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Biological_systems_engineering" title="Biological systems engineering">Biological systems engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_systems_engineering" title="Cognitive systems engineering">Cognitive systems engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Configuration_management" title="Configuration management">Configuration management</a></li>

<li><a href="Earth_systems_engineering_and_management" title="Earth systems engineering and management">Earth systems engineering and management</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">Electrical engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Enterprise_systems_engineering" title="Enterprise systems engineering">Enterprise systems engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Health_systems_engineering" title="Health systems engineering">Health systems engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Performance_engineering" title="Performance engineering">Performance engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Reliability_engineering" title="Reliability engineering">Reliability engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Safety_engineering" title="Safety engineering">Safety engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Stanford_torus" title="Stanford torus">Sociocultural Systems Engineering</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Requirements_engineering" title="Requirements engineering">Requirements engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Functional_Analysis_and_Allocation" class="mw-redirect" title="Functional Analysis and Allocation">Functional Analysis and Allocation</a></li>

<li><a href="System_integration" title="System integration">System integration</a></li>

<li><a href="Verification_and_validation" title="Verification and validation">Verification and validation</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_review" title="Design review">Design review</a></li>

<li><a href="System_of_systems_engineering" title="System of systems engineering">System of systems engineering</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Business_process" title="Business process">Business process</a></li>

<li><a href="Fault_tolerance" title="Fault tolerance">Fault tolerance</a></li>

<li><a href="System" title="System">System</a></li>

<li><a href="System_lifecycle" class="mw-redirect" title="System lifecycle">System lifecycle</a></li>

<li><a href="V-model" title="V-model">V-Model</a></li>

<li><a href="Systems_development_life_cycle" title="Systems development life cycle">Systems development life cycle</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Decision-making" title="Decision-making">Decision-making</a></li>

<li><a href="Function_model" title="Function model">Function modelling</a></li>

<li><a href="Mathematical_optimization" title="Mathematical optimization">Optimization</a></li>

<li><a href="Quality_function_deployment" title="Quality function deployment">Quality function deployment</a></li>

<li><a href="Spare_part" title="Spare part">Spare part</a></li>

<li><a href="System_dynamics" title="System dynamics">System dynamics</a></li>

<li><a href="Systems_Modeling_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Systems Modeling Language">Systems Modeling Language</a></li>

<li><a href="Systems_analysis" title="Systems analysis">Systems analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Systems_modeling" title="Systems modeling">Systems modeling</a></li>

<li><a href="Work_breakdown_structure" title="Work breakdown structure">Work breakdown structure</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="James_S._Albus" title="James S. Albus">James S. Albus</a></li>

<li><a href="Ruzena_Bajcsy" title="Ruzena Bajcsy">Ruzena Bajcsy</a></li>

<li><a href="Benjamin_S._Blanchard" title="Benjamin S. Blanchard">Benjamin S. Blanchard</a></li>

<li><a href="Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun">Wernher von Braun</a></li>

<li><a href="Kathleen_Carley" title="Kathleen Carley">Kathleen Carley</a></li>

<li><a href="Harold_Chestnut" title="Harold Chestnut">Harold Chestnut</a></li>

<li><a href="Wolt_Fabrycky" title="Wolt Fabrycky">Wolt Fabrycky</a></li>

<li><a href="Barbara_Grosz" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara Grosz">Barbara Grosz</a></li>

<li><a href="Arthur_David_Hall_III" title="Arthur David Hall III">Arthur David Hall III</a></li>

<li><a href="Derek_Hitchins" title="Derek Hitchins">Derek Hitchins</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_E._Machol" title="Robert E. Machol">Robert E. Machol</a></li>

<li><a href="Radhika_Nagpal" title="Radhika Nagpal">Radhika Nagpal</a></li>

<li><a href="Simon_Ramo" title="Simon Ramo">Simon Ramo</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Francis_Shea" title="Joseph Francis Shea">Joseph Francis Shea</a></li>

<li><a href="Katia_Sycara" title="Katia Sycara">Katia Sycara</a></li>

<li><a href="Manuela_M._Veloso" title="Manuela M. Veloso">Manuela M. Veloso</a></li>

<li><a href="John_N._Warfield" title="John N. Warfield">John N. Warfield</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">Computer engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Industrial_engineering" title="Industrial engineering">Industrial engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_management" title="Project management">Project management</a></li>

<li><a href="Quality_management" title="Quality management">Quality management</a></li>

<li><a href="Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk management</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li>Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox391" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Authority control databases: National </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4076594-5">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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